Several Different Species Makeup a Genus Kindom Family Phylumquizlet

Level in a taxonomic hierarchy

The major ranks: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, club, family, genus, and species, applied to the reddish fox, Vulpes vulpes.

In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic bureaucracy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.

A given rank subsumes under information technology less general categories, that is, more than specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of whatsoever species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is normally not necessary to specify ranks other than these get-go ii.^[1]

Consider a particular species, the carmine fox, Vulpes vulpes: the next rank in a higher place, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the "true" foxes. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family unit Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next higher rank, the order Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned above), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Carnivorans are ane grouping of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia, which are classified among animals with backbones in the phylum Chordata, and with them amid all animals in the kingdom Animalia. Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya.

The International Lawmaking of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank equally: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.thou. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)."^[2]

Master ranks [edit]

In his landmark publications, such equally the Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus used a ranking calibration limited to: kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank below species. Today, nomenclature is regulated by the classification codes. At that place are seven main taxonomic ranks: kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species. In improver, domain (proposed by Carl Woese) is now widely used equally a fundamental rank, although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes, and is a synonym for dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.^{[iii] [4]}

Chief taxonomic ranks

Latin	English
regio	domain
regnum	kingdom
phylum	phylum (in zoology) / partitioning (in botany)
classis	form
ordo	society
familia	family
genus	genus
species	species

A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic ranks are species and genus. When an organism is given a species name it is assigned to a genus, and the genus proper noun is part of the species proper noun.

The species name is also called a binomial, that is, a two-term name. For example, the zoological proper noun for the homo species is Homo sapiens. This is usually italicized in print, or underlined when italics are not available. In this case, Human is the generic proper noun and it is capitalized; sapiens indicates the species and information technology is non capitalized.

Ranks in zoology [edit]

There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: superfamily, family unit, subfamily, tribe, subtribe, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies.

The International Code of Zoological Classification divides names into "family-group names", "genus-group names" and "species-group names". The Code explicitly mentions the following ranks for these categories:

---

Superfamily

Family

Subfamily

Tribe

Subtribe

---

Genus

Subgenus

---

Species

Subspecies

---

The rules in the Code use to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies, and simply to some extent to those higher up the rank of superfamily. Amongst "genus-grouping names" and "species-group names" no further ranks are officially allowed. Zoologists sometimes use additional terms such as species grouping, species subgroup, species complex and superspecies for convenience as actress, but unofficial, ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species, e.g. the genus Drosophila. (Note the potentially confusing use of "species grouping" as both a category of ranks besides equally an unofficial rank itself.^{[ commendation needed ]})

At higher ranks (family unit and above) a lower level may be denoted past adding the prefix "infra", pregnant lower, to the rank. For example, infrasociety (below suborder) or infrafamily unit (below subfamily).

Names of zoological taxa [edit]

• A taxon higher up the rank of species has a scientific proper noun in one function (a uninominal proper noun).
• A species has a name equanimous of two parts (a binomial name or binomen): generic name + specific name; for case Canis lupus.
• A subspecies has a name equanimous of 3 parts (a trinomial name or trinomen): generic proper name + specific name + subspecific proper noun; for example Canis lupus italicus. As there is only one possible rank below that of species, no connecting term to signal rank is needed or used.

Ranks in phytology [edit]

According to Art 3.1 of the International Code of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) the most important ranks of taxa are: kingdom, division or phylum, class, gild, family, genus, and species. Co-ordinate to Art 4.ane the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe, section, series, multifariousness and form. There is an indeterminate number of ranks. The ICN explicitly mentions:^[5]

---

primary ranks

secondary ranks

further ranks

---

kingdom (regnum)

subregnum

division or phylum (divisio, phylum)

subdivisio or subphylum

class (classis)

subclassis

order (ordo)

subordo

---

family (familia)

subfamilia

tribe (tribus)

subtribus

genus (genus)

subgenus

section (sectio)

subsection

series (serial)

subseries

species (species)

subspecies

variety (varietas)

subvarietas

form (forma)

subforma

---

At that place are definitions of the post-obit taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: cultivar grouping, cultivar, grex.

The rules in the ICN apply primarily to the ranks of family unit and below, and only to some extent to those to a higher place the rank of family. Also run across descriptive botanical name.

Names of botanical taxa [edit]

Taxa at the rank of genus and higher up have a botanical name in i part (unitary proper noun); those at the rank of species and above (but below genus) have a botanical name in 2 parts (binary name); all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts (an infraspecific name). To indicate the rank of the infraspecific name, a "connecting term" is needed. Thus Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia, where "subsp." is an abridgement for "subspecies", is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda.^[6]

Hybrids can exist specified either by a "hybrid formula" that specifies the parentage, or may be given a name. For hybrids receiving a hybrid name, the aforementioned ranks apply, prefixed with notho (Greek: 'bounder'), with nothogenus every bit the highest permitted rank.^[7]

Outdated names for botanical ranks [edit]

If a different term for the rank was used in an old publication, but the intention is articulate, botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions:^{[ citation needed ]}

• If names were "intended every bit names of orders, only published with their rank denoted by a term such equally": "cohors" [Latin for "cohort";^[8] see also cohort written report for the use of the term in ecology], "nixus", "alliance", or "Reihe" instead of "order" (Commodity 17.ii), they are treated as names of orders.
• "Family" is substituted for "order" (ordo) or "natural order" (ordo naturalis) under certain weather where the modern meaning of "social club" was not intended. (Article 18.2)
• "Subfamily is substituted for "suborder" (subordo) nether sure conditions where the mod meaning of "suborder" was not intended. (Article 19.2)
• In a publication prior to 1 Jan 1890, if simply one infraspecific rank is used, information technology is considered to exist that of diverseness. (Commodity 37.4) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek messages, α, β, γ, ...

Examples [edit]

Classifications of five species follow: the fruit fly familiar in genetics laboratories (Drosophila melanogaster), humans (Human sapiens), the peas used past Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics (Pisum sativum), the "fly agaric" mushroom Amanita muscaria, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. The 8 major ranks are given in bold; a pick of small ranks are given as well.

Table notes

• In guild to continue the table compact and avoid disputed technicalities, some common and uncommon intermediate ranks are omitted. For example, the mammals of Europe, Africa, and upper Due north America^[a] are in class Mammalia, legion Cladotheria, sublegion Zatheria, infralegion Tribosphenida, subclass Theria, clade Eutheria, clade Placentalia – but just Mammalia and Theria are in the table. Legitimate arguments might arise if the commonly used clades Eutheria and Placentalia were both included, over which is the rank "infraclass" and what the other'southward rank should be, or whether the two names are synonyms.
• The ranks of college taxa, especially intermediate ranks, are prone to revision as new information almost relationships is discovered. For case, the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division (Magnoliophyta) to a subclass (Magnoliidae), and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants.^[9] The traditional classification of primates (course Mammalia, subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, order Primates) has been modified past new classifications such as McKenna and Bell (grade Mammalia, subclass Theriformes, infraclass Holotheria) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the social club Primates. Run across mammal nomenclature for a discussion. These differences arise because there are few bachelor ranks and many branching points in the fossil record.
• Inside species further units may be recognised. Animals may be classified into subspecies (for instance, Human being sapiens sapiens, modern humans) or morphs (for example Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus, the pied raven). Plants may be classified into subspecies (for example, Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, the garden pea) or varieties (for example, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon, snowfall pea), with cultivated plants getting a cultivar proper noun (for instance, Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon 'Snowbird'). Bacteria may be classified by strains (for instance Escherichia coli O157:H7, a strain that can cause food poisoning).

Terminations of names [edit]

Taxa to a higher place the genus level are oft given names based on the type genus, with a standard termination. The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom (and sometimes the phylum and form) as prepare out in the table below.

Pronunciations given are the nigh Anglicized. More Latinate pronunciations are also common, particularly rather than for stressed a.

Rank	Leaner[10]	Plants	Algae	Fungi	Animals	Viruses[eleven]
Sectionalization/phylum		-ophyta[12]		-mycota		-viricota
Subdivision/subphylum		-phytina[12]		-mycotina		-viricotina
Class	-ia	-opsida	-phyceae	-mycetes		-viricetes
Subclass	-idae		-phycidae	-mycetidae		-viricetidae
Superorder		-anae
Order	-ales				-ida or -iformes	-virales
Suborder	-ineae					-virineae
Infraorder		-aria
Superfamily		-acea			-oidea
Epifamily					-oidae
Family	-aceae				-idae	-viridae
Subfamily	-oideae				-inae	-virineae
Infrafamily					-odd [xiii]
Tribe	-eae				-ini
Subtribe	-inae				-ina
Infratribe					-ad or -iti

Tabular array notes

• In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the proper noun of a genus, sometimes called the type genus of that taxon, with a standard ending. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, is named afterward the genus Rosa, with the standard ending "-aceae" for a family. Names above the rank of family unit are besides formed from a generic name, or are descriptive (like Gymnospermae or Fungi).
• For animals, there are standard suffixes for taxa but up to the rank of superfamily.^[fourteen] Compatible suffix has been suggested (but not recommended) in AAAS^[15] equally -ida for orders, for case; protozoologists seem to adopt this arrangement. Many metazoan (college animals) orders also accept such suffix, e.g. Hyolithida and Nectaspida (Naraoiida).
• Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward. For case, the homo has the genitive hominis , thus the genus Man (man) is in the Hominidae, non "Homidae".
• The ranks of epifamily, infrafamily and infratribe (in animals) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer-than-usual distinctions. Although they fall below the rank of superfamily, they are not regulated under the International Lawmaking of Zoological Classification and hence exercise not accept formal standard endings. The suffixes listed here are regular, but informal.^[16]
• In virology, the formal endings for taxa of viroids and of satellite nucleic acids are similar to viruses, simply -vir- is replaced by -viroid-, -satellit-.^[11]

All ranks [edit]

There is an indeterminate number of ranks, as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will, at any fourth dimension, if they feel this is necessary. In doing so, there are some restrictions, which volition vary with the classification lawmaking which applies.

The following is an artificial synthesis, solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank (only see notes), from near general to virtually specific:^[17]

• Domain or Empire
  • Subdomain (biology)
• Realm (in virology)^[11]
  • Subrealm (in virology)^[11]
• Hyperkingdom
  • Superkingdom
    • Kingdom
      • Subkingdom
        • Infrakingdom
          • Parvkingdom
• Superphylum, or superdivision (in botany)
  • Phylum, or division (in botany)
    • Subphylum, or subdivision (in botany)
      • Infraphylum, or infradivision (in botany)
        • Microphylum
• Superclass
  • Grade
    • Bracket
      • Infraclass
        • Subterclass
          • Parvclass
• Superdivision (in zoology)^[xviii]
  • Segmentation (in zoology)^[eighteen]
    • Subdivision (in zoology)^[eighteen]
      • Infradivision (in zoology)^[eighteen]
• Superlegion (in zoology)
  • Legion (in zoology)
    • Sublegion (in zoology)
      • Infralegion (in zoology)
• Supercohort (in zoology)^[19]
  • Cohort (in zoology)^[xix]
    • Subcohort (in zoology)^[19]
      • Infracohort (in zoology)^[nineteen]
• Gigaorder (in zoology)^[twenty]
  • Magnorder or megaorder (in zoology)^[20]
    • Grandorder or capaxorder (in zoology)^[20]
      • Mirorder or hyperorder (in zoology)^[twenty]
        • Superorder
          • Series (for fish)
            • Gild
              • Parvorder (position in some zoological classifications)
                • Nanorder (in zoology)
                  • Hypoorder (in zoology)
                    • Minorder (in zoology)
                      • Suborder
                        • Infraorder
                          • Parvorder (usual position), or microorder (in zoology)^[20]
• Section (in zoology)
  • Subsection (in zoology)
• Gigafamily (in zoology)
  • Megafamily (in zoology)
    • Grandfamily (in zoology)
      • Hyperfamily (in zoology)
        • Superfamily
          • Epifamily (in zoology)
            • Serial (for Lepidoptera)
              • Group (for Lepidoptera)
                • Family unit
                  • Subfamily
                    • Infrafamily
• Supertribe
  • Tribe
    • Subtribe
      • Infratribe
• Supergenus
  • Genus
    • Subgenus
      • Section (in botany)
        • Subsection (in phytology)
          • Series (in botany)
            • Subseries (in botany)
• Superspecies or Species-group
  • Species
    • Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for leaner)^[21])
      • Variety or varietas (in botany); or form or morph (in zoology) or aberration (in lepidopterology)
        • Subvariety (in botany)
          • Grade or forma (in botany)
            • Subform (in phytology)

Significance and problems [edit]

Ranks are assigned based on subjective dissimilarity, and do not fully reverberate the gradational nature of variation within nature. In most cases, higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time: not because the rate of diversification was higher in the past, only because each subsequent diversification consequence results in an increase of diversity and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned past nowadays-day taxonomists.^[22] Furthermore, some groups have many described species not because they are more diverse than other species, just considering they are more easily sampled and studied than other groups.^{[ citation needed ]}

Of these many ranks, the most basic is species. Still, this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may non be sharply divers, or that whatsoever species is guaranteed to be sharply defined. It varies from instance to instance. Ideally, a taxon is intended to represent a clade, that is, the phylogeny of the organisms nether discussion, but this is not a requirement.^{[ citation needed ]}

A classification in which all taxa accept formal ranks cannot adequately reverberate knowledge about phylogeny. Since taxon names are dependent on ranks in traditional Linnaean systems of classification, taxa without ranks cannot be given names. Culling approaches, such as using circumscriptional names, avoid this problem.^{[23] [24]} The theoretical difficulty with superimposing taxonomic ranks over evolutionary trees is manifested every bit the boundary paradox which may be illustrated past Darwinian evolutionary models.

There are no rules for how many species should make a genus, a family, or whatsoever other college taxon (that is, a taxon in a category above the species level).^{[25] [26]} It should exist a natural grouping (that is, non-artificial, non-polyphyletic), as judged by a biologist, using all the data available to them. Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent (e.one thousand., it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some mode evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks).^[26] For animals, at least the phylum rank is usually associated with a certain body program, which is besides, however, an arbitrary criterion.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mnemonic [edit]

There are several acronyms intended to help memorise the taxonomic bureaucracy, such as "King Phillip came over for great spaghetti". See taxonomy mnemonic.

Run into also [edit]

• Breed
• Catalogue of Life (a database)
• Cladistics
• Landrace
• Tree of life (biology)

Footnotes [edit]

1. ^ The Virginia opossum is an exception.

References [edit]

1. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles 2 and 3.
2. ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature
3. ^ Moore, R. T. (1974). "Proposal for the recognition of super ranks" (PDF). Taxon. 23 (iv): 650–652. doi:ten.2307/1218807. JSTOR 1218807.
4. ^ Luketa, S. (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (four): 218–237.
5. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles 3 and 4.
6. ^ "International Lawmaking of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Articles 4.ii and 24.1.
7. ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Melbourne Code". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2012. Commodity 3.2, and Appendix i, Manufactures H.1–3.
8. ^ Stearn, W.T. 1992. Botanical Latin: History, grammer, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition. David and Charles.
9. ^ Chase, Thou.W.; Reveal, J.50. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the country plants to accompany APG Iii", Botanical Periodical of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
10. ^ Euzéby, J. P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Continuing in Nomenclature: a binder bachelor on the Internet (13 December. 2007 version)". International Periodical of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 47 (2): 590–592. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. PMID 9103655.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} "ICTV Code. Department 3.IV, § iii.23; section 3.V, §§ three.27-three.28." International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
12. ^ ^{a b} "International Lawmaking of Classification for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code)". IAPT-Taxon.org. 2018. Article xvi.
13. ^ For example, the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd (Gaffney & Meylan 1988: 169) and Baenodd (ibid., 176).
14. ^ ICZN article 29.two
15. ^ Pearse, A.Southward. (1936) Zoological names. A listing of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Clan for the Advancement of Science. American Clan for the Advocacy of Science, p. iv
16. ^ Every bit supplied by Gaffney & Meylan (1988).
17. ^ For the general usage and coordination of zoological ranks between the phylum and family levels, including many intercalary ranks, run across Carroll (1988). For boosted intercalary ranks in zoology, see especially Gaffney & Meylan (1988); McKenna & Bell (1997); Milner (1988); Novacek (1986, cit. in Carroll 1988: 499, 629); and Paul Sereno's 1986 classification of ornithischian dinosaurs equally reported in Lambert (1990: 149, 159). For botanical ranks, including many intercalary ranks, see Willis & McElwain (2002).
18. ^ ^{a b c d} These are movable ranks, most frequently inserted betwixt the form and the legion or cohort. Nevertheless, their positioning in the zoological hierarchy may be subject to wide variation. For examples, see the Benton nomenclature of vertebrates (2005).
19. ^ ^{a b c d} In zoological classification, the cohort and its associated group of ranks are inserted between the form group and the ordinal grouping. The cohort has as well been used betwixt infraorder and family in saurischian dinosaurs (Benton 2005). In botanical nomenclature, the cohort grouping has sometimes been inserted between the division (phylum) group and the class group: encounter Willis & McElwain (2002: 100–101), or has sometimes been used at the rank of club, and is now considered to be an obsolete name for club: See International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Melbourne Code 2012, Article 17.ii.
20. ^ ^{a b c d e} The supra-ordinal sequence gigaorder–megaorder–capaxorder–hyperorder (and the microorder, in roughly the position about often assigned to the parvorder) has been employed in turtles at to the lowest degree (Gaffney & Meylan 1988), while the parallel sequence magnorder–grandorder–mirorder figures in recently influential classifications of mammals. Information technology is unclear from the sources how these two sequences are to be coordinated (or interwoven) within a unitary zoological bureaucracy of ranks. Previously, Novacek (1986) and McKenna-Bell (1997) had inserted mirorders and grandorders between the guild and superorder, but Benton (2005) at present positions both of these ranks higher up the superorder.
21. ^ Additionally, the terms biovar, morphovar, phagovar, and serovar designate bacterial strains (genetic variants) that are physiologically or biochemically distinctive. These are not taxonomic ranks, just are groupings of various sorts which may define a bacterial subspecies.
22. ^ Gingerich, P. D. (1987). "Evolution and the fossil record: patterns, rates, and processes". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (5): 1053–1060. doi:10.1139/z87-169.
23. ^ Kluge, N.J. (1999). "A organization of culling nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics". Entomological Review. 79 (2): 133–147.
24. ^ Kluge, Due north.J. (2010). "Circumscriptional names of college taxa in Hexapoda". Bionomina. 1 (one): 15–55. doi:x.11646/bionomina.ane.1.three.
25. ^ Stuessy, T.F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Information. 2d ed. Columbia University Press, p. 175.
26. ^ ^{a b} Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003). Invertebrates. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, pp. 26–27.

Bibliography [edit]

• Croizat, Leon (January 1945). "History and Nomenclature of the Higher Units of Classification". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 72 (1): 52–75. doi:10.2307/2481265. JSTOR 2481265.
• Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8
• Brummitt, R.K., and C.E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 0-947643-44-iii
• Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Development. New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-1822-seven
• Gaffney, Eugene S., and Peter A. Meylan. 1988. "A phylogeny of turtles". In M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Nomenclature of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 157–219. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Haris Abba Kabara. 2001. Karmos hand volume for botanical names.
• Lambert, David. 1990. Dinosaur Data Book. Oxford: Facts on File & British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-8160-2431-6
• McKenna, Malcolm C., and Susan Thousand. Bell (editors). 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11013-viii
• Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians". In M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Book 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Novacek, Michael J. 1986. "The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals". Message of the American Museum of Natural History 183: 1–112.
• Sereno, Paul C. 1986. "Phylogeny of the bird-hipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia)". National Geographic Enquiry 2: 234–56.
• Willis, Yard.J., and J.C. McElwain. 2002. The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-three

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank

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